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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a substantial difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most popular type of torque converter used in car transmissions is the fluid coupling kind. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are different mechanical designs for constantly changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is a type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional component that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating parts in a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the term stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been incorporated periodically. These modifications have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. Usually, these alterations have taken the form of many turbines and stators. Every set has been designed to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples consist of the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters include a lock-up clutch to lessen heat and in order to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
